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at they saw as the recklessness of the unfettered market。
丹尼尔。尤金:对罗斯福和他的新政来说,这是一场战争。他们在和大萧条作战,以狂烈的行动作为回应-救济失业者和挨饿者,让人们重新回到工作岗位上。他们修建水坝、公路和国家公园。同时,他们制定了一项计划,该计划将以前所未有的方式对资本主义进行调控,以保护人们免受自由市场无序发展所带来的伤害。
NARRATOR: Privately; Roosevelt feared the market system had failed; so he created an entire alphabet of new agencies to regulate banks; the stock market; capitalism itself。 New headquarters built for the Interstate merce mission celebrated government regulation; which reined in market forces and curbed capitalism。 Under the New Deal; industry became subject to a host of new rules and regulations。
旁白:私下里,罗斯福对市场体体制的失败感到恐惧,因此他创立了一整套新机构来管理银行、股票市场和资本主义制度本身。为国内运输管理委员会修建的新总部建成,庆祝方式就是发布政府规章。新政实施后,企业要受到一系列新规则和规章制度的约束。
DANIEL YERGIN: And the airline industry was a very good example of that。 You had people go into this business; be very petitive; they'd go bankrupt。 New people would e in; they would go bankrupt。 It was very unstable; so the New Deal stepped in and said; ";We're going to stabilize this industry。 We're going to set the prices that you can charge for tickets。 We're going to tell you what routes you can fly。"; And with that system they eliminated these very vicious cycles of boom and bust in the aviation industry; and in a sense; that was what they were aiming to do throughout the American economy。
丹尼尔。尤金:航空业是一个很好的例子。企业进入这个行业,然后激烈竞争,然后破产;新的企业再进来,然后又破产;整个行业非常不稳定。因此新政插手这个行业,“我们要稳定这个行业,设定机票价格,规定各公司能够经营的航线。”通过这种方法,他们消除了航空业中繁荣-破产的恶性循环。在某种意义上,这也是他们对整个美国经济的目标。
Onscreen title: Cambridge University; 1936
字幕标题:剑桥大学,1936年
NARRATOR: In 1936 John Maynard Keynes finally published his General Theory; a brilliant analysis of how to fight the Depression。 By showing governments that it was possible to manage their economies;
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