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at they saw as the recklessness of the unfettered market。

丹尼尔。尤金:对罗斯福和他的新政来说,这是一场战争。他们在和大萧条作战,以狂烈的行动作为回应-救济失业者和挨饿者,让人们重新回到工作岗位上。他们修建水坝、公路和国家公园。同时,他们制定了一项计划,该计划将以前所未有的方式对资本主义进行调控,以保护人们免受自由市场无序发展所带来的伤害。

NARRATOR: Privately; Roosevelt feared the market system had failed; so he created an entire alphabet of new agencies to regulate banks; the stock market; capitalism itself。 New headquarters built for the Interstate merce mission celebrated government regulation; which reined in market forces and curbed capitalism。 Under the New Deal; industry became subject to a host of new rules and regulations。

旁白:私下里,罗斯福对市场体体制的失败感到恐惧,因此他创立了一整套新机构来管理银行、股票市场和资本主义制度本身。为国内运输管理委员会修建的新总部建成,庆祝方式就是发布政府规章。新政实施后,企业要受到一系列新规则和规章制度的约束。

DANIEL YERGIN: And the airline industry was a very good example of that。 You had people go into this business; be very petitive; they'd go bankrupt。 New people would e in; they would go bankrupt。 It was very unstable; so the New Deal stepped in and said; "We're going to stabilize this industry。 We're going to set the prices that you can charge for tickets。 We're going to tell you what routes you can fly。" And with that system they eliminated these very vicious cycles of boom and bust in the aviation industry; and in a sense; that was what they were aiming to do throughout the American economy。

丹尼尔。尤金:航空业是一个很好的例子。企业进入这个行业,然后激烈竞争,然后破产;新的企业再进来,然后又破产;整个行业非常不稳定。因此新政插手这个行业,“我们要稳定这个行业,设定机票价格,规定各公司能够经营的航线。”通过这种方法,他们消除了航空业中繁荣-破产的恶性循环。在某种意义上,这也是他们对整个美国经济的目标。

Onscreen title: Cambridge University; 1936

字幕标题:剑桥大学,1936年

NARRATOR: In 1936 John Maynard Keynes finally published his General Theory; a brilliant analysis of how to fight the Depression。 By showing governments that it was possible to manage their economies; 

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